Thursday, 15 March 2018

Calculating Slope and Common Slopes | Slope measuring | What is Slope



Calculating Slope and Common Slopes in Architecture


There are three different ways to indicate the slope of a surface relative to the horizontal plane: degrees, gradient, and percentage.

Calculating a Slope Gradient

Slope gradients are written as Y:X, where Y is a single unit in rise and X is the run.  Both numbers must use the same units.  For instance, if you travel 3 inches vertically and 3 feet (36 inches) horizontally, the slope would be 3:36 or 1:12.  This is read as a "one in twelve slope."

 Calculating the Slope Percentage

Slope percentage is calculated in much the same way as the gradient.  Convert the rise and run to the same units and then divide the rise by the run.  Multiply this number by 100 and you have the percentage slope.  For instance, 3" rise divided by 36" run = .083 x 100 = an 8.3% slope.


Calculating a Slope in Degrees

The most complicated way to calculate slope is in degrees and it requires a bit of high-school math.  The tangent of a given angle (in degrees) is equal to the rise divided by the run.  Therefore, the inverse-tangent of the rise divided by the run will give the angle.


DEGREES
GRADIENT
PERCENT
0.6°
1 : 95.49
1.0%
1°
1 : 57.29
1.7%
1.15°
1 : 50
2%
1.19°
1 : 48
2.08%
2.86°
1 : 20
5%
4.76°
1 : 12
8.3%
7.13°
1 : 8
12.5%
10°
1 : 5.67
17.6%
14.04°
1 : 4
25%
15°
1 : 3.73
26.8%
26.57°
1 : 2
50%
30°
1 : 1.73
57.7%
45°
1 : 1
100%
56.31°
1: 0.67
150%
60°
1 : 0.6
173.2%
 63.43°
1 : 0.5
200%
78.69°
1: 0.2
500%
89.43°
1 : 0.1
1000%
90°
1 : 0
 inf.












































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Tuesday, 13 March 2018

Road markings | Road lines | Road Surface marking

Road markings

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Road markings are a traffic sign in the form and design of a marking on the surface of the road. They have the same status as upright signs. Road users must obey these road markings. The diagrams below show the most common types of road marking and what they mean.

1). Single or double continuous white lines along the centre of the road

All traffic must keep to the left of the line (except in an emergency or for access).






2). Longer white lines / warning lines along the centre of the road


These warning lines alert drivers to hazards such as restricted vision, approach to a junction, approach to a roundabout, a hill, crests, bends and continuous white line ahead.



3). Short broken white lines along the centre of the road


These divide two lanes of traffic travelling in opposite directions. You must not cross them unless it is safe to do so.

4). Double broken white lines along the centre of the road

These alert drivers to continuous white lines a short distance ahead. As a driver, you must not cross them unless it is safe to do so.

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5). A broken white line with a single white line along the centre of the road


The driver must obey the line that is nearest to them. In this picture, the driver in the car must remain to the left of the continuous white line.



6). A single broken yellow line along the side of the road


This road contains a hard shoulder, which is normally only for pedestrians and cyclists.
If a driver wants to allow a vehicle behind them to overtake, they may pull in to the hard shoulder briefly as long as no pedestrians or cyclists are already using it and no junctions or entrances are nearby.
Different rules exist for hard shoulders on motorways.







7).  A broken white Yield line crossing the left-hand lane. A white triangular Yield symbol may also be provided with the Yield line.


The driver must give right-of-way to any traffic on a major road ahead. The yield line usually appears with an upright Yield sign.







8). A continuous white Stop line crossing the left-hand lane. The word STOP may also be provided with the Stop line.


The driver must come to a complete stop before entering a major road. The stop line sometimes appears with an upright Stop sign.







10).  An advanced stop line for cyclists, which is in front of the stop line for other traffic


Cyclists may position themselves in front of other traffic at a junction controlled by traffic lights. The motor vehicle driver must wait behind the first white line they reach and not cross into the shaded area. The driver must also give cyclists enough time and space to move off when the lights turn green.







10). A turning box showing a white arrow in a white edged box, found at junctions controlled by traffic lights


This shows where to position a vehicle if you want to take a right turn.
Do not proceed into the box through a red light. If oncoming traffic means you cannot take a right turn immediately, you must wait in the box until you can safely take the turn.








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Monday, 12 March 2018

One Way Streets | Road markings explained | Types of road markings



One-Way Streets

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When you are approaching a one-way street, you may see one of two regulatory signs. If you are at the entrance to a one-way street, you will see the ‘Proceed Straight Ahead’ regulatory sign. If you are approaching the ‘wrong’ end of a one-way street, you will see the regulatory road markings shown below to indicate ‘No Entry’ and you must not enter past those markings.

One way Streets


You may also see an upright ‘No Entry’ sign with the road markings.



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Driving in a one-way

Street Even though all traffic on a one-way street is travelling in the same direction, you should still drive on the left-hand side.

You may leave the left-hand side only if you intend to overtake or turn right up ahead. You may drive on either side of a traffic island, but take note of arrow markings on the road.
Only change lanes if you have to. If you have to change lanes, check your mirrors and blind spots for any traffic coming up behind you or overtaking you.
When the way is clear, signal your intention and move, giving way to any traffic already in the lane.
When turning right from a one-way street, drive as close as you can to the right-hand side.
Remember that the road at the end of a one-way street may be two-way. You may see the warning sign below if it is.

Streets for pedestrians

The regulatorysign below shows that the street is closed to all road users except pedestrians at the time shown on the information plate underneath.


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