Wednesday 2 June 2021

Road markings explanation

 Road markings

Lines and symbols on the road are meant to show the alignment of the roads. 

Road markings also indicate the number of lanes on the road, where you may overtake other vehicles, which lane to use for turning, and where you must stop for signs or other traffic signals.

What is the purpose of road markings?

Pavement markings are used to convey messages to roadway users.
They indicate which part of the road to use, provide information about conditions ahead, and indicate where passing is allowed.

7 Types of Road Markings as per IRC-35
Longitudinal Markings.
Transverse Markings.
Hazard Marking.
Block Marking.
Arrow Marking.
Directional Marking.
Facility Marking.

What type of paint is used for road marking?

Thermoplastic Road Paints – Thermoplastic road paint has a unique property, in which it starts as a solid, turns into a liquid when heated and then turns into a solid again when it cools.
Normally used as road paint for striping streets, it is ideal for newly paved roads.

What does the yellow road marking mean?

The marking indicates it is prohibited to stop or park a vehicle and it is placed at the edge of the carriageway. No other color may be used.

What is white line on road called?

Traffic Lane Markings: Lane markings are usually broken lines white in color dividing the road into lanes, each of 3.5, 3.75 or 3.85 m. Border or Edge Lines: These are drawn at the road shoulders with solid lines usually in white or yellow colors.
They indicate the edge of the road carriageway.

How do marking road signs help us?

Ensures smooth traffic as it informs the driver about the correct lanes to drive in.
The traffic rules and signs inform the driver about entry and exit points and about parking areas. Provides drivers to follow the traffic rules in India and about potential dangers on the road.

Warning line

The marking indicates the boundary between lanes intended for travel in opposite directions. The marking has a distance ratio of 3:1 between the dashes and spaces.

How important is pavement marking in traffic?

Pavement markings are an effective way of communicating information to drivers on the road.
They play an important role in road safety, guiding vehicles for short-range driving operations, as well as for long-range vehicle alignment on the road.

Why are road lines yellow and white?

When you see white and yellow lines separate travel lanes or mark the center of the road, they tell you if traffic is traveling in one or two directions. Yellow lines separate traffic in opposite directions and white lines separate traffic lanes moving in the same direction.

When two roads cross each other the crossing is called?

The noun "intersection" is the result of two roads that "intersect each other".
The verb "intersect" is made up of "inter" (between) and "sect" (to cut). So, when two or more roads cut across each other, the result is an intersection.


What is the best traffic marking paint?

Epoxy paints
Epoxy paints are two-part component paints used to create a superior product compared to traditional paint, and they work well in high-traffic areas due to their durability.
Epoxy paint is longer-lasting than standard traffic marking paint. It offers impact and abrasion resistance.





Monday 2 November 2020

How many cubic meters of asphalt are in 1 ton?

 

How many cubic meters of asphalt are in 1 ton?

Asphalt weighs 2.243 gram per cubic centimeter or 2243 kilogram per cubic meter,

 i.e. its density is equal to 2 243 kg/m³. In Imperial or US customary measurement system, the Concrete, Asphalt density is equal to 140.025915626 pound per cubic foot [lb/ft³], or 1.296536255 ounce per cubic inch.


Re: 1ton of asphalt  = m2

Length (meters) x Width (meters) x Depth (meters) x Gmb = MT (metric tons)

 Gmb being the specific gravity of ACP from about 2.3 to 2.5 depending on your mix design. Most use 2.5

 

So, If your ACP is 1" thick=0.025 metres

Specific gravity is 2.5

Length is 10 metres

Width is 1.6 metres

 

10x1.6x0.025x2.5 = 1 metric tons

 

Area of ACP is 16 square meter




Thursday 14 May 2020

Formula to Find Bearing or Heading angle between two points: Latitude Longitude | Download Excel file




Formula to Find Bearing or Heading angle between two points.

Bearing or heading angle is used to define navigation generally in the field of aircraft or marine or Vehicle navigation or while working for land surveying. So what’s the heading or bearing?
 How we can find bearing between the two points on earth, with the formula? Or How we can find the other point, when one point, actual traveled distance and bearing is given? Let us discuss all this points, followed with the example and experiment with the tool for calculating bearing provided in the post.

Bearing can be defined as direction or an angle, between the north-south line of earth or meridian and the line connecting the target and the reference point.
 While Heading is an angle or direction where you are currently navigating in.  This means to reach a particular destination you need to adjust your heading direction with the bearing. Generally a ‘compass’ is an instrument, which gives you the direction information for navigation.


 (note : please Click allow or wait for 20 seconds)





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Sunday 22 March 2020

mot proctor test | Download proctor test in excel | proctor test explanation



DETERMINATION OF WATER CONTENT- DRY DENSITY

RELATION

OBJECTIVE
·        To determine the required amount of water to be used when compacting the soil in the field and the resulting degree of denseness; this can be expected from compaction at optimum moisture content.

APPARATUS

·        Cylindrical metal mould shall be either of 100mm diameter and 1000cm3 volume or 150mm diameter and 2250cm3 volume and shall confirm to IS: 10074 1982.
·        Balance of capacity 500grams and sensitivity 0.01gram.
·        Balance of capacity 15Kg and sensitivity one gram.
·        Thermostatically controlled oven with capacity up to 250 0C.
·        Airtight containers.
·        Steel straight edge about 30cm in length and having one beveled edge.
·        4.75mm, 19mm and 37.5mm IS sieves confirming to IS 460 (Part 1).
·        Mixing tools such as tray or pan, spoon, trowel and spatula or suitable mechanical device for thoroughly mixing the sample of soil with additions of water.

PROCEDURE
·        Take a representative sample of air dried soil of about 5 kg (soil not susceptible to crushing during compaction) or 3 kg from 15 kg sample (soil susceptible to crushing during compaction) passing through 19mm IS sieve and mix thoroughly with a suitable amount of water depending on the type of soil, generally 4 to 6 percent for sandy and gravelly soils and plastic limit minus 8% to 10% for cohesive soils.
·        For soils susceptible to crushing during compaction take different samples for every determination and for soils not susceptible to crushing during compaction use the same sample for all the determinations.
      ·         Weigh the 1000cc capacity mould with base plate attached and without extension to the nearest gram (m1).
·        Place the mould on a solid base such as a concrete floor or plinth and compact the moist soil into the mould, with the extension attached in 5 layers of approximately equal mass, each layer being given 25 blows with the 4.90kg hammer dropped from a height of 450mm above the soil.
             ·        Distribute the blows uniformly on each layer.
            ·        The amount of soil used shall be sufficient to fill the mould leaving not more than about 6mm to be struck off when the extension is removed.


Compaction of soil in to mould
·        Remove the extension and carefully level the compacted soil to the top of mould by means of straight edge.
·        Weigh the mould and the soil to the nearest gram (m2). Remove the compacted soil from the mould and place on the mixing tray.
·        Collect a representative sample from the soil in the tray and keep in the oven for 24 hours maintained at a temperature of 1050 to 1100 C to determine the moisture content (W).


Compacting soil containing coarse material up to 37.50 mm size

             ·        Take representative sample of material passing through 37.50 mm IS sieve.
·        Compact the material in 2250 cm3 volume of mould in five layers each layer being given 55 blows with 4.90 kg rammer dropped from a height of 450mm above the soil.
          ·        The remaining procedure is same as described above for 1000cc mould.
          ·        In all the above cases make at least five determinations and the range of  moisture content shall be such that the optimum moisture content at which the maximum dry density occurs is within that range.


CALCULATIONS

·        Calculate the bulk density gw in g / cm3 of each compacted specimen from the equation,
gw = (m2 – m1) / Vm
m1 = Weight of mould with base plate.
m2 = Weight of mould with compacted soil. Vm = Volume of mould in cm3.
·        Calculate the dry density gd in g/cm3 from the equation,
gd = gw / (1+W/100)
gw = Bulk density
W = % of moisture content

REPORT
·        Plot the values obtained for each determination on a graph representing moisture content on x-axis and dry density on y-axis.
       ·        Draw a smooth curve through the resulting points and determine the position of the maximum in the curve.
              ·        Report the dry density corresponding to the maximum point to the nearest 0.01.
·        Report the percentage corresponding to the maximum dry density i.e. optimum moisture content to the nearest 0.2 %for values below 5% and to the nearest 0.5% for values from 5 to 10% and to nearest whole number for values exceeding 10 %.



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