Wednesday, 27 September 2017

How to Calculate A Compaction Test Report



 How to Calculate A Compaction Test Report 


Here we are going to compute the bulk density of sand down to the degree of compaction of soil.
I would really want to pursue this article just to completely show the full process of getting the results of test from taking the samples into calculations. So every site engineer, project engineer, and consultant inspector, as well as engineering students should know how it is done. This would be a guide and help them learn the procedures.
Here are the steps of calculations to determine the compaction test or In-situ density test report.

1. Compute the Bulk Density of sand.

The calculation of bulk density of sand shall be made in the laboratory before moving on to the site. Here are the values tabulated below.
Values taken from the laboratory
V
0.00785 m³
Volume of calibrating container
M1
17,050 gm
Mass of the sand before pouring in the container
M2
3,425 gm
Mean value of mass of the sand in cone
M3
2,192 gm
Mean value of mass of the sand retained in the pouring cylinder

Then calculate the Ms, mass of sand to fill the container. From the formula in the article linked above.
Ms = 17, 050 – 3, 420 – 2, 192
Therefore, Ms = 11, 438 gm.
Bulk density of sand, ρs = 11, 438 gm/ 0.00785 m³
Therefore, ρs = 1, 457. 07 Kgm/m³.

2. Calculate the Bulk Density of Soil.

After getting all the values from actual compaction test done on site. Let us go directly to the calculations because, what we are really concerned here is “how to get the degree of compaction?” and how it is computed? So if you have with you right now the test report from the third party laboratory, you might try to use the solutions we’ve done here in order for you to know how the test report is computed.
Below are the parameter for the calculation of bulk density of soil which was obtained from the actual compaction test on site. From Item 5 on the excavated soil from the hole shall place into a clean container or plastic container. It will be weighted as mass of the soil excavated (Me).


Values taken on site
Me
10, 345 gm
Mass of the soil excavated
M1
17, 050 gm
Mass of sand before pouring into the hole
M2
3, 425 gm
Mass of sand in cone (mean value)
M4
5, 155 gm
Mass of sand after pouring into the hole (mean value)

Mf = 17, 050 – 3, 425 – 5, 155
Therefore, Mf = 8, 470 gm
Bulk density of soil, ρso = (10, 345 gm /8, 470 gm) x 1. 45 mg/m³ = 1.78 Mg/m³

3. Calculation of Moisture Content.

Below are the laboratory test of the same sample taken from the site.
Wc = 177.5 gm.  – Mass of container in gm.
W1 = 1,045.7 gm. – Mass container and moist specimen in gm.
W2 = 975.6 gm. – Mass of container and oven dried specimen in gm.
Mass of the water
Ww = W1 – W2 = 1, 045.7 – 975.6 = 70.1 gm.
Mass of the Solid particle
Ws = W2 – Wc = 975.6 – 177.5 = 798.1 gm.
Moisture Content
MC = (Ww/Ws) x 100 = (70.1/798.1) x 100
Therefore, MC = 8.78 %

4. Calculate the Dry Density of Soil.

After getting the result of moisture content you can now calculate the ρd from the formula written in
ρd = (100 x 1.78)/(100 + 8.78)
Therefore, ρd = 1. 64 Mg/m³

5. Calculate the Degree of Compaction.

The degree of compaction is the basis and or the final acceptance once it is passed. The specification commonly says “The degree of compaction shall be not less than 95 percent of maximum dry density (MDD).”
Please note that you have to take first a sample soil where you are going to do compaction test and test it for “Proctor test” where you will get the maximum dry density or MDD that will use in the calculation of Degree of Compaction.
The MDD for instance to be used in this calculation is 1.7 Mg/m³, but MDD may vary depending on the type of your soil. Below is the calculation of the degree of compaction.
DOC = (1.64/ 1.7) x 100

Therefore,

Degree of compaction, DOC = 96.5 %
The compaction test is passed and satisfactory because 96.5 percent is higher than the limit of 95 percent. The succeeding activity can now proceed.
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Monday, 25 September 2017

Useful Notes for Civil Engineer's

  Useful Notes for Civil Engineer's   


CONCRETE GRADE:
M5 = 1:4:8
M10= 1:3:6
M15= 1:2:4
M20= 1:1.5:3

CLEAR COVER TO MAIN REINFORCEMENT:
1.FOOTINGS : 50 mm
2.RAFT FOUNDATION.TOP : 50 mm
3.RAFT FOUNDATION.BOTTOM/SIDES : 75 mm
4.STRAP BEAM : 50 mm
5.GRADE SLAB : 20 mm
6.COLUMN : 40 mm
7.SHEAR WALL : 25 mm
8.BEAMS : 25 mm
9.SLABS : 15 mm
10.FLAT SLAB : 20 mm
11.STAIRCASE : 15 mm
12.RET. WALL : 20/ 25 mm on earth
13.WATER RETAINING STRUCTURES : 20/30 mm

WEIGHT OF ROD PER METER LENGTH:
DIA WEIGHT PER METER

6mm = 0.222Kg
8mm = 0.395 Kg
10mm = 0.616 Kg
12mm = 0.888 Kg
16mm = 1.578 Kg
20mm = 2.466 Kg
25mm = 3.853 Kg
32mm = 6.313 Kg
40mm = 9.865 Kg

1bag cement-50kg
1feet-0.3048m
1m-3.28ft
1sq.m-10.76sq.f ¬t
1cu.m-35.28cu.f ¬t
1acre-43560sq.f ¬t
1cent-435.6sq.f ¬t
1hectare-2.47ac ¬re
1acre-100cent-4 ¬046.724sq.m
1ground-2400sq. ¬ft
1unit-100cu.ft- ¬2.83cu.m 1square-100sq.f ¬t

1 M LENGTH STEEL ROD I ITS VOLUME
V=(Pi/4)*Dia x DiaX L=(3.14/4)x D x D X 1 (for
1m length) Density of Steel=7850 kg/ cub meter
Weight = Volume x Density=(3.14/4)x D x D X
1x7850 (if D is in mm ) So = ((3.14/4)x D x D X
1x7850)/(1000x1000) = Dodd/162.27

DESIGN MIX:
M10 ( 1 : 3.92 : 5.62)
Cement : 210 Kg/ M 3
20 mm Jelly : 708 Kg/ M 3
12.5 mm Jelly : 472 Kg/ M 3
River sand : 823 Kg/ M 3
Total water : 185 Kg/ M 3

Fresh concrete density: 2398 Kg/M 3
M20 ( 1 : 2.48 : 3.55)
Cement : 320 Kg/ M 3
20 mm Jelly : 683 Kg/ M 3
12.5 mm Jelly : 455 Kg/ M 3
River sand : 794 Kg/ M 3
Total water : 176 Kg/ M 3
Admixture : 0.7%

Fresh concrete density: 2430 Kg/ M 3
M25 ( 1 : 2.28 : 3.27)
Cement : 340 Kg/ M 3
20 mm Jelly : 667 Kg/ M 3
12.5 mm Jelly : 445 Kg/ M 3
River sand : 775 Kg/ M 3
Total water : 185 Kg/ M 3
Admixture : 0.6%
Fresh concrete density: 2414 Kg/ M 3
Note: sand 775 + 2% moisture, Water185 -20.5 =
164 Liters,
Admixture = 0.5% is 100ml
M30 ( 1 : 2 : 2.87)
Cement : 380 Kg/ M 3
20 mm Jelly : 654 Kg/ M 3
12.5 mm Jelly : 436 Kg/ M 3
River sand : 760 Kg/ M 3
Total water : 187 Kg/ M 3
Admixture : 0.7%
Fresh concrete density: 2420 Kg/ M 3
Note: Sand = 760 Kg with 2% moisture
(170.80+15.20)
M35 ( 1 : 1.79 : 2.57)
Cement : 410 Kg/ M 3
20 mm Jelly : 632 Kg/ M 3
12.5 mm Jelly : 421 Kg/ M 3
River sand : 735 Kg/ M 3
Total water : 200 Kg/ M 3
Admixture : 0.7%
Fresh concrete density: 2400 Kg/ M 3
Note: sand = 735 + 2%, Water = 200- 14.7 =
185.30,
Admixture = 0.7%
M40 ( 1 : 1.67 : 2.39)
Cement : 430 Kg/ M 3
20 mm Jelly : 618 Kg/ M 3
12.5 mm Jelly : 412 Kg/ M 3
River sand : 718 Kg/ M 3
Water Cement ratio : 0.43
Admixture : 0.7%
Note: Sand = 718 + Bulk age 1%
M45 ( 1 : 1.58 : 2.26)
Cement : 450 Kg/ M 3
20 mm Jelly : 626 Kg/ M 3
12.5 mm Jelly : 417 Kg/ M 3
River sand : 727 Kg/ M 3 + Bulk age 1%
Water Cement ratio : 0.43
Admixture : 0.7%
M50 ( 1 : 1.44 : 2.23)
Cement : 450 Kg/ M 3
20 mm Jelly : 590 Kg/ M 3
12.5 mm Jelly : 483 Kg/ M 3
River sand : 689 Kg/ M 3 + Bulk age 12%
Water Cement ratio : 0.36 (188 Kg)
Admixture : 1.20%3
Micro silica : 30 Kg
Super flow 6.7% of cement
1 cubic meter contains 500 bricks
The Standard size of the 1st class brick is 190mm
x 90mm x
90mm and motor joint should be 10mm thick
So brick with motor=200 x 100 x 100.
Volume of 1st class brick = 0.19 x 0.09 X 0.09 =
0.001539
cu.m
Volume of 1st class brick with motor =0.2 x 0.1 x
0.1=0.002
cu.m
No. on bricks per 1cu.m= 1/volume of1st class
brick with
motor
=1/0.002
= 500 no’s of bricks

STANDARD CONVERSION FACTORS
INCH = 25.4 MILLIMETRE
FOOT = 0.3048 METRE
YARD = 0.9144 METRE
MILE = 1.6093 KILOMETER
ACRE = 0.4047 HECTARE
POUND = 0.4536 KILOGRAM
DEGREE FARENHEIT X 5/9 – 32 = DEGREE
CELSIUS
MILLIMETRE= 0.0394 INCH
METRE = 3.2808FOOT
METRE = 1.0936YARD

A rope having length 100cm.You can form any
shape using this rope (Example: Triangle,
Rectangle, etc.,). Which shape will covers
maximum area

1 Newton = o.101971 kg
1 mm2 = 0.01 cm2
1 cm2 = 100 mm2
1 mm2 = 20 N
100 mm2 = 2000N
1 cm2 = 2000N
2000 N = 203.942 kg
So 20 N/ mm2 = 203.942 kg / cm2
RATIO IS 1:1.5:3
then volume is 1+1.5+3=5.5 and the total volume
for using mix=1.57 m3 then cement required=1/
5.5*1.57=0.285m3*1440=411 kg. (8+bag)
sandrequried=1.5/5.5*1.57=0.471m3
aggregaterequired=3/5.5*1.57=0.853m3
the standard volume of dry mix mortar=1.57.. U
can check it in IS code also. Then volume is
1+1.5+3=5.5 and the total volume for using
mix=1.57 m3 then cement required=1/
5.5*1.57=0.285m3*1440=411 kg.(8+bag)
sandrequried=1.5/5.5*1.57=0.471m3
aggregaterequired=3/5.5*1.57=0.853m3
the standard volume of dry mix mortar=1.57.. U
can check it in IS code also.

MATERIAL CALCULATION:
CEMENT IN BAGS

01. PCC 1:5:10 1440/5*0.45 129.60Kg 2.59
02. PCC 1:4:8(M 7.5) 1440/4*0.45 162.00Kg 3.24
03. PCC 1:2:4(M 15) 1440/2*0.45 324.00Kg 6.48
04. PCC 1:3:6(M 10) 1440/3*0.45 216.00Kg 4.32
05. RCC 1:2:4(M 15) 144/2*0.45 324.00Kg 6.48
06. RCC 1:1.5:3(M 20) 1440/1.5*0.45 32.00Kg
8.64
07. RCC 1:1:2(M 25) 370.00Kg 7.40
08. RCC M 30 410.00Kg 8.20
09. RCC M35 445.00Kg 8.90
10. RCC M40 480.00Kg 9.60
11. Damp Proof Course
CM1:3,20mm tk 1440/3*0.022 10.56Kg 0.21
12. 2"tk precast slab M15 324*0.05 16.20Kg 0.32
13. 3"tk precast slab M15 324*0.075 24.30Kg
0.49
14. GC Masonry CM 1:7 1440/7*0.34 70.00Kg
1.40
15. Brick Work CM 1:6 1440/6*0.25 60.00Kg 1.20
16. Brick Work CM 1:4, 115tk 1440/4*0.25*0.115
10.35Kg 0.21
17. Grano Flooring CC 1:1.5:3 1440/1.5*0.45*0.05
21.60Kg 0.43
18. Plastering CM 1:3, 12mm tk 1440/3*0.014
6.72Kg 0.13
19. Wall Plastering CM 1:4,
12mm tk 1440/4*0.014 5.00Kg 0.10
20. Laying Pressed Tiles Over
a CM 1:4, 20mm tk 1440/4*0.022 7.92Kg 0.16
21. Ceramic Tiles, Marble,
Granite, Caddapah Slab
CM 1:4, 20mm tk 1440/4*0.022 7.92Kg 0.16
22. Hollow Block Masonry
CM 1:6, 200mm tk/m¬2¬ 10.00Kg 0.20

SAND CALCULATION (CFT):

01. Any Concrete Work
(PCC, RCC) 0.45*35.315= 20.00
02. Damp Proof Course
CM `1:3, 20mm tk 1.00
03. 2"tk Precast slab M15 1.00
04. 3"tk Precast slab M15 1.50
05. SS Masonry in CM 1:7 15.00
06. Brick Work in CM 1:6 15.00
07. Brick Work in CM 1:4,115mm tk 2.00
08. Grano Flooring in CC 1:1.5:3 1.00
09. Plastering in CM 1:3, 12mm tk 1.00
10. Wall Plastering CM 1:4, 12mm tk 1.00
11. Laying Pressed Tiles over a CM 1:4, 20mm tk
1.00
12. Ceramic Tiles, Marble, Granite, Cuddapah slab
CM 1:4, 20mm tk 1.00

METAL CALCULATION:

01. Any Concrete Work 32.00 cft
02. Grano Flooring in CC 1:1.5:3, 50mm tk 1.60
cft
03. Grano Flooring in CC 1:1.5:3, 75mm tk 2.40
cft
04. Grano Flooring in CC 1:1.5:3, 100mm tk 3.20
cft
05. Bricks/cum 450.00 Nos
06. Size Stone/ cum 90.00 Nos
07. Rough Stone 10.00 cft
08. Bond Stone/ cum 10.00 Nos
09. Cement Paint/100 Sft 2.00 Kg
10. White Cement/100 Sft 2.00 Kg
11. Janathacem/100 Sft 1.50 Kg
12. Enamel Paint/100 Sft - 2 Coats 1.25 Litre
13. Wall Putty/100 Sft 10.00 Kg
14. Plaster of Paris/100 Sft 25.00 Kg
15. Distember/100 Sft 2.00 Kg
16. Cement Primer 0.60 Litre
0.40 Litre
17. Weathering Course
Lime 12.50 Kg
Brick bats 32.00 Kg
18. Providing Sand Gravel Mix- Cum
Sand 20.00 Cft
Gravel 40.00 Cft
19.WBM - 75mm tk - 1st Layer - 10 Sqm
Metel(60-40 mm) 35.00 Cft
Gravel 10.00 Cft
20. Pressed Tiles - Sqm 20.00 Nos
21. Hollow Block - 200mm tk 14.00 Nos

CONVERSION TABLE:
01. 1 RM 3.28 Rft
02. 1 Sqm 10.76 Sft
03. 1 Cum 35.32 Cft
04. 1 Inch 2.54 cm
05. 1 sft 0.09Sqm
06. 1 Acre 0.04 Hectare
07. 1 Hectare 2.47 Acres
08. 1 Cft 0.028 Cum
09. 1 Feet 12.00 Inch
10. 1 Feet 0.305 M
11. 1 Cum 1000.00 Litre

UNIT WEIGHT:
01. Concrete 25 kN/m3
02. Brick 19 kN/m3
03. Steel 7850 Kg/m3
04. Water 1000 Lt/m3
05. Cement 1440 Kg/m3
06. 1Gallon 4.81 Litres
07. Link 8" = 200mm
08. 1 Hectare 2.471 acr(10000m2)
09. 1 Acr 4046.82m2 = 100 cent

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH:
01. Compression 38d
02. Tension 47 & 60d
03. 1 Cent 435.60 Sft
04. 1 Meter 3.2808 ft
05. 1 M2 10.76 ft2
06. 1 Feet 0.3048m
07. 1 KN 100Kg
08. 1kN 1000N
09. 1 Ton 1000Kg = 10,000 N = 10 kN
10. 1 kG 9.81N

M5=2.54Bg/m3, M7.5=3.18Bg/m3, M10=4.32Bg/
m3,
M20=8.64Bg/m3, M25=12.9 Bg/m3,
M40=500+100Kg/m3

1m3 Conrete = 0.9 m3 Jelly + 0.55 m3 Sand +
0.225 m3

BRICK:
Weight = 3.17 - 3.80 Kg
Water absorption 12 to 15%
Compressive strength = 36Kn/cm2
230mm Wall/m3 = 460 Bricks + 20Cft Sand +
66Kg Cement

SSM 1:7/m3 = Slize 95 + Soiling 8 Cft +60.5 Kg
Current = 1000 Watts = 1 Unit, 25Watt*40Hr = 1
Unit
Sunshade = 65mm - 0.56 bag/m2,
= 90mm - 0.78 bag/m2
Tiles, Kotta, Marble - 0.33 bag/m2
Press Tiles - 0.2






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Sunday, 24 September 2017

APPENDICES

8/8 APPENDICES

Page 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8


APPENDIX A - Machine Cost and Work Records
APPENDIX B - Field Production Studies
APPENDIX C - PACE Data Collection Forms


APPENDIX A - Machine Cost and Work Records

Machine rates, unit costs, and machine utilization, can be compiled on a weekly basis for use in comparison and control. The weekly machine costs, accummulated over a period of time, provide estimates of the hourly machine cost or machine rate for planning and budgeting.
The basis for the weekly report is the daily report (Figure A.1). This report records the hour meter or odometer reading at the end of the day, the amounts of materials supplied to the machine, the number of machine hours worked and any additional hours worked by the operator which are not machine hours. An estimate of the production is made. Either at the end of the day, or weekly, the unit costs of the materials consumed are added to the daily report so that the daily operating costs for the machine are complete.
The daily machine cost and work record is kept for all machines. The weekly report can be compiled individually by machine or collectively for all machines of the same type using a form similar to the Weekly Machine Cost and Work Record (Figure A.2). Figure A. 2 column (25) is the weekly estimate of the machine hourly cost. Column (27) is the weekly unit production cost. Column (29) is the machine utilization for the week.


DAILY MACHINE COST AND WORK RECORDS
Machine______________________
Machine No. ___________________
Machine Meter Reading (end of day) _______________________________
Total Km Traveled_____________________ Date_____________________
ITEM
Amount Used
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Gasoline (liters)
Oil, Motor Lube (kg)
Oil, Hydraulic (liters)
Diesel Fuel (liters)
Grease (kg)
Filters (number)
Tires (number)
Cost of Repair Parts
Cost of Repair Labor
TOTAL
Day's Work
Machine Hours______________
Operator's Other Work
__________________________
Preventive
Maintenance
Done__________________________
Hours_____________
Hours_____________
Major Delay: Cause____________
Time__________________________
Volume of Wood:
Cut
______________________________
Loaded
______________________________
Transported
______________________________
Km of Road Built
______________________________
Km of Road Maintained
______________________________
REMARKS

Table A.1 - Definitions for Daily Machine Cost and Work Record.
Item 1
- Equipment type
Item 2
- Number of machine, all machines should have numbers assigned to them, prominently displayed.
Item 3
- Either the engine hour meter or the odometer reading at the end of the day.
Item 4
- Subtract from previous day's record to get total machine hours worked or kilometers traveled.
Item 5
- Date
Item 6-12
- Consummable Items. Unit costs and total costs can be calculated at the end of each week by office personnel.
Item 13-14
- Repair parts and labor. These costs can be calculated at the end of each week by office personnel.
Item 15
- Total cost for Items 6-14.
Item 16
- Machine hours from Item 4.
Item 17
- Type of other work done by machine operator off machine.
Item 18
- Operator hours spent on other work.
Item 19
- Type of preventive maintenance done.
Item 20
- Hours spent on preventive maintenance
Item 21
- Cause of any major delays.
Item 22
- Hours spent in major delay.
Item 23-27
- Production per day, measured in volume cut, skidded, loaded or transported by machine, or miles of road built or maintained by equipment.
Item 28
- Any comments by the operator on the day's activities.


Table A.2 - Definitions for Weekly Machine Cost and Work Record.
Column
Description
1
Enter week number.
2-3
Enter gasoline supplied and total cost summed up from the daily work sheets from the past week.
4-5
Enter motor oil supplied and total cost summed up from the daily work sheets from the past week.
6-7
Enter diesel fuel supplied and total cost summed up from the daily work sheets from the past week.
8-9
Enter grease supplied and total cost summed up from the daily work sheets from the past week.
10-11
Enter hydraulic oil supplied and total cost summed up from the daily work sheets from the past week.
12-13
Enter the number of filters and total cost of filters summed up from the daily work sheets from the past week.
14-15
Enter the number of tires and the total cost summed up from the daily work sheets from the past week.
16-17
Enter amount (if applicable) and total cost of miscellaneous materials summed up from the daily work sheets from the past week.
18-19
Enter the repair parts cost and repair labor cost from the daily work sheets from the past week.
20-21
Enter the equipment meter reading or odometer reading from the end of the last day of the week and subtract it from the reading from the last day of the previous week to obtain a total for the week.
22
Add columns 3, 5, 1, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18, and 19 to obtain the total operating cost for the machine during the week.
23
Add the total wages including social costs for the operators and helpers using the equipment. Do not add in the labor for repairs included in Col (19).
24
Add up the total depreciation, interest, taxes, license, insurance and any other fixed costs and divide by 52 to establish the weekly ownership cost. Once calculated, it will usually not change during the year.
25
To obtain the hourly machine cost during the week, add up the operating, labor, and ownership costs and divide by the number of hours worked by the machine.
26
Enter the production summed up from the daily work sheets from the past week.
27
Divide the total cost by the total production to determine the unit cost of production for the week.
28
Enter the total number of hours the machine was scheduled to operate for the week.
29
Divide the total number hours the machine worked by the number of hours it was scheduled to work and multiply by 100 to calculate the machine utilization in percent.
The weekly cost and work report is a valuable record not only for deriving your own machine rates, but for discussions with the crew and foreman so that they are aware of the costs of machine operation.
An additional column can be added to the form to show the importance of increased machine utilization. This additional column could be called the hourly machine cost at 100% utilization. If labor is a constant cost for the week, the hourly machine rate at 100% utilization is calculated as


APPENDIX B - Field Production Studies

To estimate cycle time coefficients, the observer should study the operation until he is familiar with the elements making up the activity. A flow process chart can then be prepared to describe the elements and define the beginning and ending points of each element. A data collection form is prepared, data collected and coefficients calculated.
The observer gathering the time study data must be able to see the operation he is studying at all times. Often he must constantly move with the equipment in order to record the element times, while simultaneously keeping a safe distance from the operation.
For example, let's design a study form to develop cycle time coefficients for a skidding operation. We would like to estimate the loaded speed, unloaded speed, load size, hook time and unhook time for a rubber-tired skidder. The flow process for the skidding activity would be

Element
Element Begin (B) and End (E) Point
Skidder travels to logs
(B) - Skidder leaves landing.
(E) - Skidder arrives at first log pickup point.
Position skidder
(B) - Skidder arrives at first log pickup point.
(E) - Begin pulling winch line from skidder.
Lateral outhaul
(B) - Begin pulling winch line from skidder.
(E) - Winch line arrives at log(s)
Hook Log
(B) - Winch line arrives at log(s)
(E) - Winch line starts in toward skidder.
Lateral Inhaul
(B) - Winch line starts in toward skidder.
(E) - Logs arrive at skidder.
Intermediate Move
(B) - Logs arrive at skidder.
(E) - Skidder moves to next pickup point.
Position skidder
(B) - Skidder moves to next log pickup point.
(E) - Begin pulling winch line from skidder.
Lateral outhaul
(B) - Begin pulling winch line from skidder.
(E) - Winch line arrives at log(s)
Hook Log
(B) - Winch line arrives at log(s)
(E) - Winch line starts in toward skidder.
Lateral Inhaul
(B) - Winch line starts in toward skidder.
(E) - Logs arrive at skidder.
Loaded Return to Landing
(B) - Logs arrive at skidder.
(E) -Skidder arrives at landing.
Unhook and deck logs
(B) - Skidder arrives at landing.
(E) - Skidder leaves landing.

Using the Skidding Cycle Element Time Study Form (Table B.1), we record a sample of cycles for a rubber-tired skidder.

For example, on cycle no. 1 a small rubber-tired skidder leaves the landing and travels 200 meters in 1.5 minutes along the skid trail to the log pickup point. The operator turns and positions the skidder in 0.2 minutes. The helper pulls out the winch line 20 meters in 0.7 minutes. Two logs are hooked in 1.2 minutes, winched to the skid trail in 1.0 minutes. The skidder returns to the landing in 3.0 minutes. The logs are unhooked and pushed into the deck and the skidder is positioned to leave the landing in 1.6 minutes. During cycle no. 3, the logs are picked up at two points during winching. During cycle no. 4, logs are picked up at two points along the skid trail.
Summing the times for each element, our estimates for the skidding coefficients are:
Unloaded Travel Speed = 1350 m/12.8 min = 105 m/min
Loaded Travel Speed = (1325 + 25) m/(18.9 + .3) min = 70 m/min
Lateral Outhaul Speed = 120 m/5.0 min = 24 m/min
Lateral Inhaul Speed = 120 m/6.2 min = 19 m/min
Position Skidder = 1.0 m/5 cycles = 0.20 min/trip
Hook Time = 13.5 min/5 cycles = 2.7 min/trip
Unhook and Deck = 8.7 min/5 cycles = 1.7 min/trip
Average number of logs per trip = 13 logs/5 cycles = 2.6 logs/trip
If the average log size is 0.5 cubic meters per log then the average load per trip is 2.6 logs per trip multiplied by 0.5 cubic meters per log or 1.3 cubic meters per trip.

APPENDIX C - PACE Data Collection Forms

MACHINE RATE CALCULATIONS
DATA INPUT SHEET 1 of 2
Equipment Description _______________________________________________
Delivered equipment cost ($)
____________
Lines and rigging ($)
____________
Tires and tracks ($)
____________
Salvage value ($)
____________
Equipment life (years)
____________
Days worked per year
____________
Hours worked per day
____________
Interest expense (%)
____________
Percent of average annual investment for taxes, licenses, storage, insurance (%)
____________
Percent of equipment depreciation for service and repairs (%)
____________
Fuel consumption (liters per hour)
____________
Fuel cost ($/liter)
____________
Percent of fuel consumption for lubricants (%)
____________
Cost of oil and lubricants ($/liter)
____________
Total cost of lines ($)
____________
Average life of lines (hours)
____________
Cost of miscellaneous rigging ($)
____________
Average life of miscellaneous rigging (hours)
____________
Cost of tracks or tires ($)
____________
Average life of tires or tracks (hours)
____________


MACHINE RATE CALCULATIONS
DATA INPUT SHEET 2 of 2

Equipment Description
______________________
Base wage for 1st crew position ($/hour)
____________
Base wage for 2nd crew position ($/hour)
____________
Base wage for 3rd crew position ($/hour)
____________
Base wage for 4th crew position ($/hour)
____________
Base wage for 5th crew position ($/hour)
____________
Base wage for 6th crew position ($/hour)
____________
Fringe Benefits (% of basic wage)
____________
Travel time per day (hours)
____________
Crew operating time per day (hours)
____________
Supervision cost (% direct labor cost)
____________

TRUCK RATE CALCULATIONS
DATA INPUT SHEET 1 of 2

Equipment Description _______________________________________________
Delivered equipment cost ($)
____________
Tire cost ($)
____________
Salvage value ($)
____________
Equipment life (years)
____________
Days worked per year
____________
Hours worked per day
____________
Interest expense (%)
____________
Percent of average annual investment for taxes, licenses, storage, insurance (%)
____________
Percent of equipment depreciation for service and repairs (%)
____________
Fuel consumption (liters per hour)
____________
Fuel cost ($/liter)
____________
Percent of fuel consumption for lubricants (%)
____________
Cost of oil and lubricants ($/liter)
____________
Cost per tire ($)
____________
Number of tires
____________
Average life per tire (km)
____________
Number of km used per year
____________

TRUCK RATE CALCULATIONS
DATA INPUT SHEET 2 of 2

Equipment Description
________________________
Base wage for 1st crew position ($/hour)
____________
Base wage for 2nd crew position ($/hour)
____________
Base wage for 3rd crew position ($/hour)
____________
Base wage for 4th crew position ($/hour)
____________
Base wage for 5th crew position ($/hour)
____________
Base wage for 6th crew position ($/hour)
____________
Fringe Benefits (% of basic wage)
____________
Travel time per day (hours)
____________
Crew operating time per day (hours)
____________
Supervision cost (% direct labor cost)
____________

ANIMAL RATE CALCULATIONS
DATA INPUT SHEET 1 of 2

Description ______________________________________________________
Delivered animal cost ($)
____________
Salvage value ($)
____________
Working life (years)
____________
Delivered harness cost ($)
____________
Salvage value ($)
____________
Life of harness (years)
____________
Delivered miscellaneous equipment ($)
____________
Salvage value ($)
____________
Life of miscellaneous equipment (yr)
____________
Number of days worked per year
____________
Hours worked per day
____________
Interest Expense (%)
____________
Percent of average annual investment for taxes, licenses, storage, insurance (%)
____________
Percent of harness depreciation for service and repairs (%)
____________
Percent of misc equip depreciation for service and repairs (%)
____________
Pasture rental ($/month)
____________
Cost of grain ($/month)
____________
Cost of hay ($/month)
____________
Cost of supplemental vitamins ($/mth)
____________
Veterinarian expenses ($/month)
____________
Cost of shoes ($/month)
____________
After hours care ($/month)
____________

ANIMAL RATE CALCULATIONS
DATA INPUT SHEET 2 of 2

Equipment Description
______________________
Base wage for 1st crew position ($/hour)
_________
Base wage for 2nd crew position ($/hour)
_________
Base wage for 3rd crew position ($/hour)
_________
Base wage for 4th crew position ($/hour)
_________
Base wage for 5th crew position ($/hour)
_________
Base wage for 6th crew position ($/hour)
_________
Fringe Benefits (% of basic wage)
_________
Travel time per day (hours)
_________
Crew operating time per day (hours)
_________
Supervision cost (% direct labor cost)
_________

STUMP TO TRUCK UNIT COSTS INCLUDING LOCAL ROADS
DATA INPUT SHEET 1 OF 2

Activity
Element
Quantity
Units
Fall and buck
Machine costa
_________
$/hr
Time to fall/buck
_________
min/tree
Volume per tree
_________
m3
Delay time
_________
min/hr
Skidding or Yarding
Machine costa
_________
$/hr
Move-in time
_________
hr
Volume per cycle
_________
m3
Outhaul speed
_________
m/min
Lateral outhaul
_________
m/min
speed Hook time
_________
min
Lateral inhaul
_________
m/min
speed Inhaul speed
_________
m/min
Unhook time
_________
min
Delay time
_________
min/hr
Loading
Machine costa
_________
$/hr
Cycle time
_________
min/trip
Load size
_________
m3/trip
Delay time
_________
min/hr
a Complete if different from constructed data file

STUMP TO TRUCK UNIT COSTS INCLUDING LOCAL ROADS
DATA INPUT SHEET 2 OF 2

Activity
Element
Quantity
Units
Transport
Machine costa
_________
$/hr
Distance (one-way)
_________
km
Volume per load
_________
m3
Speed (unloaded)
_________
km/hr
Loading time
_________
min
Speed (loaded)
_________
km/hr
Unloading time
_________
min
Roads and Landings
Road costa
_________
$/km
Road spacing
_________
m
Landing spacing
_________
m
Removal per ha
_________
m3
Skidding weave
_________
> 1
Skidding direction (one or two way)
_________
1 or 2
Cost per landinga
_________
$
Removal per ha
_________
m3

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