Civil Engineering

Sunday, 7 October 2018

definition of kerb | Type of kerbs | desgin of kerbs | kerbs stone

KERBING

1). Different type of kerbs and dimension

2). Desgin of Kerbs

DEFINITIONS:

1. Filler - Elastic, tight fitting, non-rotting, non-absorbent material used to provide firm backing, against which the sealant can be tooled off. Filler shall also prevent the sealant from adhering to the bottom of the joint and cause the sealant to fail during the expansion of joints.

2. Sealants - Material used to seal expansion joints to prevent penetration of destructive materials.

TEMPORARY KERBING

1. Temporary kerbing shall be installed where shown on the Drawings in accordance with the requirements for permanent kerbing. Temporary kerbing shall be laid on a bond breaker membrane between the kerbing and the surface to prevent adhesion to the surface and to assist future removal.

2. When the concrete has set, a suitable fill material shall be placed between the permanent kerbing and the temporary kerbing, and left flush with the top of the kerbing.

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JOINT FILLERS AND SEALANTS

1.Filler

Joint fillers shall comprise either a closed cell polyethylene rod of 10 mm diameter, or a strip of poly urethane foam 12mm wide.

2. Sealer

Joint sealing compound for surface sealing shall be a grey butyl mastic sealant.

CURING COMPOUNDS

Concrete curing compounds shall be based on an aliphatic alcohol for application in spray form.

CONSTRUCTION

GENERAL

1. Kerbs on straight alignments exceeding 10m and on curves of radii exceeding 3m shall be placed by an extrusion machine.

2. Where the kerb is on a straight line of 10m or less, or on a radius of 3m or less, or where the lack of clearance prevents the kerb being placed by an extrusion machine, the section of kerb may be hand placed. Hand placed kerb shall be rodded and shaped, to give a finished kerb meeting the requirements of this Specification.

3. The shape and dimensions of the kerb shall be in accordance with the Drawings.

SETTING OUT:

Setting out of the kerb shape, profile and alignment shall be carried out on the rear of the kerb. Spikes and nails shall not be driven into the pavement surface.

SURFACE PREPARATION

The surface to receive kerbing shall normally be a bituminous aggregate seal.

The Contractor shall clean the area between the receiving surface and the new kerb of all loose sand, stones, dust and other foreign matter and shall wet the surface with water immediately prior to placement of the new kerbing.

EXTRUDED KERBS:

1. Extruded kerbs shall be laid by a suitable extrusion machine. No dowels are required.

2. Extruded kerbs shall be dense with regular sides, edges and chamfers finished to a fine surface free from blow holes and dragging and shall be impervious.

KERB OPENINGS:

Kerb openings shall be located and installed in accordance with the Drawings.

CURING:

All exposed faces of the completed kerb shall be kept permanently wet for the curing period of a minimum 72 hours after placing. Concrete maybe cured by spraying with approved curing compounds.

1 Any water applied shall not cause erosion of the concrete surface.

2 The concrete shall be protected within 15 minutes after completion of casting the kerb.

3 The kerb shall be protected from rain for at least twenty four (24) hours following placement.

4 The kerb shall be protected from traffic for a period of twelve (12) hours following placement.

JOINTS

1). Contraction

Immediately after placing the kerbing, contraction joints shall be formed by grooving the exposed faces of the kerbs. Contraction joints shall be formed at spacings not exceeding 4m.

2). Expansion Joint

Not less than 24 hours nor more than 72 hours after placing of concrete, expansion joints shall be constructed at the midpoint between contraction joints by sawing a 6 mm wide gap through the full cross section of the kerb. Kerb cutting shall be carried out with water to minimise dust in the sawing process.

3). Fillers & Sealants

3. An approved joint filler shall then be forced into the sawn joint such that a 12 mm deep space remains to the concrete surface. This space shall be completely filled with an approved joint sealant such as Sikaflex construction polyurethane joint sealant or equivalent approved by the Superintendent and used as per manufacturer’s instructions.

Continuous reading Click here

1). Different type of kerbs and dimension

2). Desgin of Kerbs

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All About ↭ Civil Engineering 2018

Thursday, 4 October 2018

Dumpy Level Survey Step-by-Step Guide | Surveying leveling calculations

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Example:

The Bench Mark value was 8.52m; however this was set too high to read through the level, so a TBM was created on the concrete at the base of the wall, which was 0.7m below the height of the BM, giving the height of TBM 1 of 7.82m.

This was then used to backsight to, which gave a reading of 0.3m, which added to the TBM gave an IH of 8.12m (TBM1 + BS = IH). A foresight was then taken on the new TBM (a black brick in the churchyard wall facing the survey area), this reading was 0.16m, which subtracted from the IH gives a value of 7.96 for TBM 2

(IH – FS = TBM2).BM= 8.52

BS = -0.7

TBM 1 = 7.82m +

BS= 0.30

IH = 8.12

FS = 0.16

TBM 2 = 7.96m

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The value of TBM 2 was 7.96m, the new backsight reading was 0.29m, giving an instrument height of 8.25m (TBM + BS = IH). A number of foresights were then taken within the survey area and these readings were then subtracted from the instrument height to give a real/reduced level.

TBM 2 = 7.96 +

BS = 0.29 IH = 8.25

(IH – FS = RL)

Fore sights (m) Reduced Level (m)

1= 2.25 6.00

2= 3.62 4.63

3= 1.92 6.33

4= 2.18 6.07

5= 3.19 5.06

6= 3.09 5.16

And finally....Some notes on taking care and use of the equipment

• The staff can be difficult to steady in high winds; you do need to keep it vertical and still. Do not use fully-extended near overhead power cables.

• Always pull out (and return) the sections one at a time, and put the staff back in its sleeve after use. Keep mud and grit off it as much as possible, as this will scratch the painted markings. After a survey, dampen the microfiber cloth supplied and wipe off each section of the staff as you close it up.

• The level head is a precision instrument, and should be handled carefully. When not in use it should always be kept in its box. If it is raining please make sure that you cover it with a bag or rain hood, or preferably unscrew the head and place it in its box. If the level head does become wet, make sure that it dries out somewhere inside/out of the rain before being returned to its box. If you don't dry it out properly, moisture may seep inside which will result in the telescope 'fogging up' and possible damage to the internal parts.

• When your survey is complete, carefully unscrew the level head and place it in its correct position within the box, close the lid and make sure the catch is secure.

• PLEASE TAKE CARE NOT TO DROP THE BOX: If the level head or box containing the level head is kicked or dropped you must report this to the Jigsaw team as soon as possible as it may require calibration or repair.

• Undo the catches on the tripod legs and carefully move there tract the legs and clamp the catches back and fasten the belt. Please ensure that the tripod does not get dented or damaged, as this may make it unusable.

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All About ↭ Civil Engineering 2018

Dumpy Level Survey Step-by-Step Guide | leveling surveying methods

Setting up the level

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1. Set up the tripod where you have a clear sight of the benchmark, at a similar height to but preferably higher, than the benchmark. If possible, set up in the center of the area that you intend to survey, or somewhere that you can see all of the site as well as the backsight/Bench Mark, with the top plate relatively level.

Release the catches on each leg and extend to full length, close the catches. Space the tripod legs well apart, with the level plate about chest height of the person who will be reading the levels. NB: the tripod needs to low enough for the smallest person on site to use the dumpy level!

Note: Bear in mind that if at some point you have to move the level (higher or lower, or to a new location) you will need to re-level it and retake the backsight reading (see below).

2. Place the level head on the baseplate and attach it to the central screw beneath the baseplate. With the telescope parallel to two of the foot screws, level off by adjusting the two foot screws simultaneously, turning them in opposite directions until the level bubble is central.

Then turn 90 degrees so the telescope points towards the third foot screw, and use the third screw to adjust the spirit level until the bubble is central along this axis. Check again in all directions. Now you should be perfectly level. NB: If the legs get kicked or moved by mistake, you will have to repeat the above steps.

Taking a reading

Taking the backsight (BS)

• The first measurement that you need to take is the backsight.

This will enable you to calculate the height of the instrument/level (IH) from which all other levels are calculated.

• The person with the staff should place the bottom of the staff level on the BM or TBM, keeping it as vertical as possible.

• The person at the Level rotates the telescope until the central line/cross hairs are lined up with the staff; you may need to focus the eyepiece first to see the cross hairs then the telescope focus to see the numbers on the staff; use the fine adjustment to be perfectly lined-up.

• When looking through the telescope, you take the reading where the central or stadia cross hairs meet, to the nearest centimeter. For example in the diagram to the right (above) the reading would be 1.42m.

1) The leveling bubble should be central

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2) Calculating the instrument height:

(IH) (or height of the Level) In order to calculate the height of the instrument (IH; ie the height of the Level Head telescope) you add the value of the reading you have just taken to the known value of the BM or TBM that you are using.

3) Taking Foresight (FS):

Readings and calculating reduced levels Begin taking height (level) readings of anything you want to illustrate on your site: top of slope, bottom of slope, break of slope – to illustrate changes in height and create profiles.

Mark the location of your levels on the plan, starting at 1 (see example below) or the next available number if returning to a survey, and read off each height reading and record these in a separate notebook. Make sure you write clearly and record the date, where the survey is, what the BM or TBM is and the initials of the people undertaking the survey.

Each time you will have to rotate the telescope, sight on the staff in its new location, focus and carefully take the reading, always check twice that you have read the number correctly

Once you have taken all the levels you want, you will need to calculate the actual height values, or reduced levels (RL) by subtracting each one from the instrument height (IH). This gives you the 'real' height of the ground at the base of the staff.

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All about ↭ civil engineering 2018

Dumpy Level Survey Step-by-Step Guide | What is leveling in Survey?

#Step-by-Step Guide to Dumpy Level Survey

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A dumpy level (also known as a Builder's Level) is an optical instrument used to establish or check points in the same horizontal plane. It is used in archaeological surveying to measure horizontal levels, for example to demonstrate the difference in height at the top and base of a slope such as an excavated pit or a surviving earthwork.

Equipment The level 'kit' consists of a level head (in box), staff and tripod.

The level head comprises an eyepiece, bull’s eye spirit level, three leveling screws and a focus for the telescope lens; the base also incorporates a 360 degree compass.

The 5m staff is in sections. Each ‘block’ represents one centimeter, and each 'E' represents 5 centimeters. The 10 cm sections alternate back and forth and between black and white, and the color alternates between black and red for each meter.

The tripod is composed of aluminum and plastic, with three extendable/lockable legs and a base plate with screw fitting with which to attach the level head. There is a canvas carrying strap and a belt to secure the legs together.

Benchmarks and Temporary Bench Marks (BM/TBM) find the nearest OS Bench Mark (BM), which is part of the national height system for mainland Great Britain and forms the reference frame for heights above mean sea level. Bench Marks are no longer maintained by the Ordnance Survey (although Fundamental (F) BMs are), but they should be marked on most maps.

Bench Marks can usually be found on churches, but also on other notable buildings, houses, bridges etc. The database describes where it is and what type of benchmark symbol is used (usually carved into stone, the center of the horizontal groove is the height reference). It is worth finding the nearest BM to your survey site as soon as possible so that you can establish the best way to transfer the height from the BM to your site.

If there is no BM nearby to your site you can establish a Temporary Bench Mark (TBM) at an arbitrary height, for example 100m (to ensure all heights are positive).

At some point you will also need to find the nearest BM, to tie your TBM into and then make your final level calculations.

To set up a TBM: mark an easily identifiable permanent feature nearby – eg. a coloured brick in a wall (as in the photograph right), or a fence post; a wooden stake may also be used but check with the landowner (if it is a scheduled monument this is not an option).Make a careful note with a precise description describing the location and nature of the TBM, preferably with a note annotated on a map and a digital photograph (if you have a handheld GPS use this!).

Continuous reading!

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