Sunday, 16 December 2018

HOW TO SETUP SOKKIA TOTAL STATION | USE SERIES X SOKKIA



   TOPOGRAPHY :


1.     press  ESC up to get main page.
2.     press Menu.
3.     Select Coord or Topographic (from SURV menu)
4.      Select  Station set up to enter the station coordinates. 

                                      Stn North            100.00
                                      Stn Est.                100.00
                                      Stn Elv.                10.00
                                      Theo. ht               1.5
                                      Target ht             1.6
5.     press OK.
       6.  Select Key in Co ordinates in case the Back sight coordinate known.

                                            BS North            100.00
                                            BS Est.                100.00
                                            BS Elv                10.00
                                           Azimuth              00.00

                                 READ            Dist                    OK

7.   Press Dist to confirm the Back sight  then Press YES(F3)


8.   Orient to the desired point then press Dist or READING KEY in    the right side of telescope.
9.    To make topo with save point in memory press AUTO
10.  Continue by these way till finished the topo
11. Press Graphic to show the drawing .

looking for how to:

  2.                       Sitting out program definition  
  3.                   Sitting out program methods
  4.                    Missing line measurement (MLM)
  5.                    Area calculation definition
  6.        Area calculation and subdivision
  7.       Fixed point subdivide
  8.       Parallel line sub
  9.                    Resection definition 
  10.        Resection methods
  11.        Topography methods 
  12.          Registration points in the memory by keyboard input
  13.       Set out line program
  14.         Transfer the data using the flash memory
  15.        Receive the file in the computer.



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Saturday, 13 October 2018

MEASURING AND CALCULATING SLOPES | Slope in Road Calculation | slope percentage calculator





MEASURING AND CALCULATING SLOPES

Roadway Slopes:
Roadway grade and travel way, shoulder, and ditch line slopes affect the removal of a road's greatest enemy water.
Some slope enables water to flow away from the roadway, but too much creates erosion.




Table 1 contains the recommended slopes for roads cross section, shoulders, and ditches for paved and unpaved roads. Slopes are described by the vertical rise or fall per unit of horizontal distance.
For example, the recommended slope for a paved road cross section is a 14 inch rise from shoulder to crown for each foot of horizontal road width.
This is expressed as "14 inch to 1" or "2 percent." Steeper slopes are usually expressed as a proportion.
For example, A 1:4 slope, pronounced "1 to 4," has a 1 foot rise (or fall) for every 4 feet of horizontal distance.


The Pop-level:
The most accurate instruments for measuring slope are theodolites and transits.
A "pop" or hand level is accurate enough for most maintenance work.
Figure 1 shows the elements of a typical eye level. The operator holds the instrument in his/her hand, and steadies it against a temporary, non-bending pole.
Another person is needed to help measure vertical and horizontal distance.
A leveling rod works well for vertical distance.


Determining the Slope:
The slope is the incline or decline between two points. It is the usual practice to call these points "A" and "E." The procedure begins with positioning the eye level (or theodolite or transit) where the operator can read the level rod at each of the two points. The operator then reads the elevation of each point on the level rod, and subtracts the values. This is the difference in elevation between points "A" and "B." The crew then measures the horizontal distance between the two points. It is sometimes convenient to position the instrument at one of the points. In Figure 2, the instrument is placed over Point A. One measures the height of the transit or eye level as the elevation of Point A.



The slope is calculated by the dividing the elevation difference by the horizontal distance. The following examples illustrate slope calculation.
Note the need to carefully consider the units of measure.

  Cross Section Slope    

Elevation of Shoulder                    4 feet-11inches
Elevation of Crown                        4 feet-8 inches
Difference in Elevation                  0 feet-3 inches
Horizontal Distance                                    12 feet
Slope expressed as inches per foot:
 3 inches/12 feet =1/4" per foot
Slope expressed as a percent:
[3 inches/ (12 feet x 12 inches/foot)] xl00%
= [3 inches/144 inches] xl00%=2%


Ditch Front Slope

Elevation of slope Top                   feet-11inches
Elevation of Ditch Bottom           5 feet-5 inches
Difference in Elevation                1 foot-6 inches
Horizontal Distance                                    6 feet
To express as a proportion, both measure must be
The same units.
1 foot-6 inches =1.5 feet or 18 inches
6 feet =72 inches
1.5 feet:6 feet = 1:4 or 18 inches:72 inches = 1:4

Comparing these results to Table 1 shows that the cross section would be adequate if the road was paved, but too low for a gravel road.
The 1:4 ditch slopes is a minimum slope for either type road. Knowing how to calculate roadway slopes helps municipal road crews effectively remove water without incurring erosion from water run-off. Whether using a transit or pop level, crews can determine if slopes are sufficient to carry water away from the road but not so great that water will erode road surfaces and road sides.


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SOKKIA TS setup in Urdu
CBR test Data Observations & Calculations
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Sunday, 7 October 2018

Type of kerbs | kerbs stone | Design of kerb


Standard  Types Of Kerbs


 Half Battered Straight  



 Drop kerbs _ Gradient   


 Double Drop kerbs _ Gradient   


 Angles kerbs _ Gradient   


 Bullnosed kerbs _ Straight   



 Radius kerbs 

 Drop kerbs  

 Transition kerbs  


 45' Splayed kerbs 


 Angles kerbs 

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CBR test Data Observations & Calculations
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Design of kerb | Type of kerbs | kerbs stone


Note:

1). The nominal length of a kerb unit shell be 1000 mm and an edgilg unit 750.

2). Concrete shell be grade 30/20.

3). Type Kl kerbs should be used an urban areas and where a foolwoy is adjacent to the carriageway.

4). Type K2 kerbs should be used in rural areas and on high speed roods where there is no adjoining footway.

5). Type K3 kerbs should be used only on bridge decks.

6). Precost concrete kerbs, edgings and quadrants  shell comply with B.S. 7263 part except that the requirement for testing of water absorption shall not be applied.

7). All dimensions are in  millimeters . 






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SOKKIA TS setup in Urdu
CBR test Data Observations & Calculations
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kerb stone | Type of kerbs | desgin of kerbs | Repairing



TOLERANCES


1). Different type of kerbs and dimension 

2). Desgin of Kerbs

Tolerances:


 All kerbing shall be placed within 20mm of its true plan position on the ground, and the rate of deviation from its true line shall not exceed 1 in 300.  The road face and the back face of the finished kerbing shall be parallel.

Kerb Depth:


The profile of finished kerbing shall not be less than that shown in the Drawings.

Top surface:


The top surface shall be parallel to the ruling grade of the pavement and shall be free from depressions exceeding 5mm when measured from a 3m long straight edge.

BACKFILLING:


Material:

Where required, the area behind kerbs shall be backfilled with suitable select fill quality material or as directed by the Superintendent and compacted in accordance with the Specification 302 EARTHWORKS. The surface shall be constructed to the finished lines and levels shown in the Drawings.

Damage:
Any kerb sections dislodged during backfilling or otherwise misaligned shall be removed and re-laid at no cost to the Principal.  Care shall be taken in backfilling to ensure that no damage, defacement or staining is caused to the kerbs and that the compaction requirements of the Specification are achieved.

TRAFFIC ISLANDS

1.  In-Situ

Merging noses, approach noses, ramps, traffic island infill slabs, and other areas of medians and traffic islands as shown in the Drawings shall be constructed of in-situ concrete.

2. Thickness
The thickness of concrete shall exceed 100mm, except where otherwise detailed in the Drawings.  The level of concrete infill shall be within +5mm and -0mm of the surrounding surface level.

3. Backfill
 Select fill material shall be placed following the installation and setting of associated kerbing prior to placing of concrete slab, except where otherwise detailed in the Drawings, in accordance with Specification 302 EARTHWORKS.  The backfill material shall be supplied, placed, levelled and compacted by the Contractor. 

4. Finish
The finished surface of the concrete shall true and even without projections or irregularities and shall have a deep brush textured finish.

5. Expansion
An expansion joint 10mm wide shall be constructed between the extruded kerbing and the concrete infill.  Approved joint filler shall be forced into the joint such that a 12mm deep groove remains.  This groove shall be filled, after cleaning, with an approved joint sealant.

6. Contraction
 Immediately after placing concrete, tooled contraction joints shall be formed at 2m maximum intervals.  Joint edges shall be neatly pointed.

7. Sleeves
 Grabrail and bollard sleeves, where required, shall be cast into ramps or concrete infill in accordance with the Drawings.
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KERB REPAIRS


1. Damaged Kerbing
 Broken or damaged kerbing shall be removed and disposed of to the Contractor’s spoil site at no cost to the Principal.

2. Repair
 The exposed concrete repair surface shall be roughened to remove all laitance and expose the aggregate to provide a thorough bond with concrete cast subsequently.  The roughened surface shall be cleaned with water to remove loose chips and foreign material.

3. Wetting
 Immediately before fresh concrete is cast against the existing surface, the existing surface shall be thoroughly wetted.

4. Placement
 Class N20 concrete or rapid setting concrete products of like strength, shall be placed and compacted.
1). Different type of kerbs and dimension 
2). Desgin of Kerbs

Read more:
SOKKIA TS setup in Urdu
CBR test Data Observations & Calculations
Read how to Activate Autocad Civil 3 D 2018 and download X-force Cracks Click here


All About ↭ Civil Engineering 2018
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