Saturday 13 October 2018

MEASURING AND CALCULATING SLOPES | Slope in Road Calculation | slope percentage calculator





MEASURING AND CALCULATING SLOPES

Roadway Slopes:
Roadway grade and travel way, shoulder, and ditch line slopes affect the removal of a road's greatest enemy water.
Some slope enables water to flow away from the roadway, but too much creates erosion.




Table 1 contains the recommended slopes for roads cross section, shoulders, and ditches for paved and unpaved roads. Slopes are described by the vertical rise or fall per unit of horizontal distance.
For example, the recommended slope for a paved road cross section is a 14 inch rise from shoulder to crown for each foot of horizontal road width.
This is expressed as "14 inch to 1" or "2 percent." Steeper slopes are usually expressed as a proportion.
For example, A 1:4 slope, pronounced "1 to 4," has a 1 foot rise (or fall) for every 4 feet of horizontal distance.


The Pop-level:
The most accurate instruments for measuring slope are theodolites and transits.
A "pop" or hand level is accurate enough for most maintenance work.
Figure 1 shows the elements of a typical eye level. The operator holds the instrument in his/her hand, and steadies it against a temporary, non-bending pole.
Another person is needed to help measure vertical and horizontal distance.
A leveling rod works well for vertical distance.


Determining the Slope:
The slope is the incline or decline between two points. It is the usual practice to call these points "A" and "E." The procedure begins with positioning the eye level (or theodolite or transit) where the operator can read the level rod at each of the two points. The operator then reads the elevation of each point on the level rod, and subtracts the values. This is the difference in elevation between points "A" and "B." The crew then measures the horizontal distance between the two points. It is sometimes convenient to position the instrument at one of the points. In Figure 2, the instrument is placed over Point A. One measures the height of the transit or eye level as the elevation of Point A.



The slope is calculated by the dividing the elevation difference by the horizontal distance. The following examples illustrate slope calculation.
Note the need to carefully consider the units of measure.

  Cross Section Slope    

Elevation of Shoulder                    4 feet-11inches
Elevation of Crown                        4 feet-8 inches
Difference in Elevation                  0 feet-3 inches
Horizontal Distance                                    12 feet
Slope expressed as inches per foot:
 3 inches/12 feet =1/4" per foot
Slope expressed as a percent:
[3 inches/ (12 feet x 12 inches/foot)] xl00%
= [3 inches/144 inches] xl00%=2%


Ditch Front Slope

Elevation of slope Top                   feet-11inches
Elevation of Ditch Bottom           5 feet-5 inches
Difference in Elevation                1 foot-6 inches
Horizontal Distance                                    6 feet
To express as a proportion, both measure must be
The same units.
1 foot-6 inches =1.5 feet or 18 inches
6 feet =72 inches
1.5 feet:6 feet = 1:4 or 18 inches:72 inches = 1:4

Comparing these results to Table 1 shows that the cross section would be adequate if the road was paved, but too low for a gravel road.
The 1:4 ditch slopes is a minimum slope for either type road. Knowing how to calculate roadway slopes helps municipal road crews effectively remove water without incurring erosion from water run-off. Whether using a transit or pop level, crews can determine if slopes are sufficient to carry water away from the road but not so great that water will erode road surfaces and road sides.


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Sunday 7 October 2018

Type of kerbs | kerbs stone | Design of kerb


Standard  Types Of Kerbs


 Half Battered Straight  



 Drop kerbs _ Gradient   


 Double Drop kerbs _ Gradient   


 Angles kerbs _ Gradient   


 Bullnosed kerbs _ Straight   



 Radius kerbs 

 Drop kerbs  

 Transition kerbs  


 45' Splayed kerbs 


 Angles kerbs 

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Design of kerb | Type of kerbs | kerbs stone


Note:

1). The nominal length of a kerb unit shell be 1000 mm and an edgilg unit 750.

2). Concrete shell be grade 30/20.

3). Type Kl kerbs should be used an urban areas and where a foolwoy is adjacent to the carriageway.

4). Type K2 kerbs should be used in rural areas and on high speed roods where there is no adjoining footway.

5). Type K3 kerbs should be used only on bridge decks.

6). Precost concrete kerbs, edgings and quadrants  shell comply with B.S. 7263 part except that the requirement for testing of water absorption shall not be applied.

7). All dimensions are in  millimeters . 






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kerb stone | Type of kerbs | desgin of kerbs | Repairing



TOLERANCES


1). Different type of kerbs and dimension 

2). Desgin of Kerbs

Tolerances:


 All kerbing shall be placed within 20mm of its true plan position on the ground, and the rate of deviation from its true line shall not exceed 1 in 300.  The road face and the back face of the finished kerbing shall be parallel.

Kerb Depth:


The profile of finished kerbing shall not be less than that shown in the Drawings.

Top surface:


The top surface shall be parallel to the ruling grade of the pavement and shall be free from depressions exceeding 5mm when measured from a 3m long straight edge.

BACKFILLING:


Material:

Where required, the area behind kerbs shall be backfilled with suitable select fill quality material or as directed by the Superintendent and compacted in accordance with the Specification 302 EARTHWORKS. The surface shall be constructed to the finished lines and levels shown in the Drawings.

Damage:
Any kerb sections dislodged during backfilling or otherwise misaligned shall be removed and re-laid at no cost to the Principal.  Care shall be taken in backfilling to ensure that no damage, defacement or staining is caused to the kerbs and that the compaction requirements of the Specification are achieved.

TRAFFIC ISLANDS

1.  In-Situ

Merging noses, approach noses, ramps, traffic island infill slabs, and other areas of medians and traffic islands as shown in the Drawings shall be constructed of in-situ concrete.

2. Thickness
The thickness of concrete shall exceed 100mm, except where otherwise detailed in the Drawings.  The level of concrete infill shall be within +5mm and -0mm of the surrounding surface level.

3. Backfill
 Select fill material shall be placed following the installation and setting of associated kerbing prior to placing of concrete slab, except where otherwise detailed in the Drawings, in accordance with Specification 302 EARTHWORKS.  The backfill material shall be supplied, placed, levelled and compacted by the Contractor. 

4. Finish
The finished surface of the concrete shall true and even without projections or irregularities and shall have a deep brush textured finish.

5. Expansion
An expansion joint 10mm wide shall be constructed between the extruded kerbing and the concrete infill.  Approved joint filler shall be forced into the joint such that a 12mm deep groove remains.  This groove shall be filled, after cleaning, with an approved joint sealant.

6. Contraction
 Immediately after placing concrete, tooled contraction joints shall be formed at 2m maximum intervals.  Joint edges shall be neatly pointed.

7. Sleeves
 Grabrail and bollard sleeves, where required, shall be cast into ramps or concrete infill in accordance with the Drawings.
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KERB REPAIRS


1. Damaged Kerbing
 Broken or damaged kerbing shall be removed and disposed of to the Contractor’s spoil site at no cost to the Principal.

2. Repair
 The exposed concrete repair surface shall be roughened to remove all laitance and expose the aggregate to provide a thorough bond with concrete cast subsequently.  The roughened surface shall be cleaned with water to remove loose chips and foreign material.

3. Wetting
 Immediately before fresh concrete is cast against the existing surface, the existing surface shall be thoroughly wetted.

4. Placement
 Class N20 concrete or rapid setting concrete products of like strength, shall be placed and compacted.

1). Different type of kerbs and dimension 
2). Desgin of Kerbs



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definition of kerb | Type of kerbs | desgin of kerbs | kerbs stone




KERBING


1). Different type of kerbs and dimension 
2). Desgin of Kerbs

DEFINITIONS:
1. Filler - Elastic, tight fitting, non-rotting, non-absorbent material used to provide firm backing, against which the sealant can be tooled off.  Filler shall also prevent the sealant from adhering to the bottom of the joint and cause the sealant to fail during the expansion of joints.

2.  Sealants - Material used to seal expansion joints to prevent penetration of destructive materials.

TEMPORARY KERBING

1. Temporary kerbing shall be installed where shown on the Drawings in accordance with the requirements for permanent kerbing.  Temporary kerbing shall be laid on a bond breaker membrane between the kerbing and the surface to prevent adhesion to the surface and to assist future removal.
Or
2. When the concrete has set, a suitable fill material shall be placed between the permanent kerbing and the temporary kerbing, and left flush with the top of the kerbing.
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JOINT FILLERS AND SEALANTS


1.Filler

Joint fillers shall comprise either a closed cell polyethylene rod of 10 mm diameter, or a strip of poly urethane foam 12mm wide.

2. Sealer

Joint sealing compound for surface sealing shall be a grey butyl mastic sealant.


CURING COMPOUNDS


Concrete curing compounds shall be based on an aliphatic alcohol for application in spray form.

CONSTRUCTION


GENERAL

1. Kerbs on straight alignments exceeding 10m and on curves of radii exceeding 3m shall be placed by an extrusion machine.

2. Where the kerb is on a straight line of 10m or less, or on a radius of 3m or less, or where the lack of clearance prevents the kerb being placed by an extrusion machine, the section of kerb may be hand placed.  Hand placed kerb shall be rodded and shaped, to give a finished kerb meeting the requirements of this Specification.

3. The shape and dimensions of the kerb shall be in accordance with the Drawings.

SETTING OUT:

Setting out of the kerb shape, profile and alignment shall be carried out on the rear of the kerb.  Spikes and nails shall not be driven into the pavement surface.

SURFACE PREPARATION

The surface to receive kerbing shall normally be a bituminous aggregate seal.
Or
The Contractor shall clean the area between the receiving surface and the new kerb of all loose sand, stones, dust and other foreign matter and shall wet the surface with water immediately prior to placement of the new kerbing.

EXTRUDED KERBS:

1. Extruded kerbs shall be laid by a suitable extrusion machine.  No dowels are required.

2. Extruded kerbs shall be dense with regular sides, edges and chamfers finished to a fine surface free from blow holes and dragging and shall be impervious.

KERB OPENINGS:

Kerb openings shall be located and installed in accordance with the Drawings.

CURING:
All exposed faces of the completed kerb shall be kept permanently wet for the curing period of a minimum 72 hours after placing.  Concrete maybe cured by spraying with approved curing compounds.

1 Any water applied shall not cause erosion of the concrete surface.

2 The concrete shall be protected within 15 minutes after completion of casting the kerb.

3 The kerb shall be protected from rain for at least twenty four (24) hours following placement.

4 The kerb shall be protected from traffic for a period of twelve (12) hours following placement.

JOINTS


1). Contraction
 Immediately after placing the kerbing, contraction joints shall be formed by grooving the exposed faces of the kerbs.  Contraction joints shall be formed at spacings not exceeding 4m.

2). Expansion Joint
Not less than 24 hours nor more than 72 hours after placing of concrete, expansion joints shall be constructed at the midpoint between contraction joints by sawing a 6 mm wide gap through the full cross section of the kerb.  Kerb cutting shall be carried out with water to minimise dust in the sawing process.

3). Fillers & Sealants
3. An approved joint filler shall then be forced into the sawn joint such that a 12 mm deep space remains to the concrete surface.  This space shall be completely filled with an approved joint sealant such as Sikaflex construction polyurethane joint sealant or equivalent approved by the Superintendent and used as per manufacturer’s instructions.
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1). Different type of kerbs and dimension 
2). Desgin of Kerbs


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